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数学中最古老的一门分支学科。相传起源于古埃及尼罗河泛滥后为修整土地而产生的测量法。泰勒斯曾利用三角形全等做间接的测量工作。中国古代有勾股测量，在《周髀算经》中记载了周公姬旦和商高关于“勾三、股四、弦五”的对话（约前1000）。从埃及产生的几何学传到古希腊，逐渐发展成理论的数学。哲学家柏拉图（前429～前348）确立了几何学中定义、公设、公理、定理等概念，树立了哲学与数学中的分析法和综合法的概念。梅内克缪斯（约前340）已经有了圆锥曲线的概念。
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